Is it all right to rush down on taking medicine? 's prevention and health care
There are more festivals in winter, often eat plenty of meat and fish, careless slightly, apt to suffer from diarrhoea. Until intestines wriggle, increase fast and the intersection of intestines and mucous membrane ooze out and/or secrete increase, the intersection of fungus and groups of characteristic of lacking proper care etc. under intestine suffer from diarrhoea, stop, rush down medicine divide for being enteric to wriggle inhibitor roughly ' Compound second piperazine pyridine of benzene, it is apt to be covered with to stop) , disappear and stop cathartic ' Such as tanning sour albumen, bismuth carbonic acid once) , mucous membrane protects pharmaceuticals ' Reach densely such as thinking) , little ecology make Liu ' Health, whole intestines are grown such as banking up Philippines with earth) Wait for several kinds of types, in addition, adsorbents such as the active charcoal,etc. can absorb the toxin, lighten the mucomembranous stimulus to intestine, therefore stop the function of rushing down.
The treatment suffers from diarrhoea, the most important thing is to suit the remedy to the case. Suffering from diarrhoea has infection and non-infective difference, infective diarrhoea is caused by pathogen such as the bacterium, virus, fungi, parasite, such as fungus dysentery, bacterial food poisoning, viral enteritis,etc.; Non-infective the intersection of diarrhoea and common on suffer from cold, indigestion, the intersection of intestines and stomach and the intersection of function and the intersection of disorderly and first overbearing, diabetes, uremia,etc. and the intersection of whole body and the intersection of and disease. Infective diarrhoea is a kind of selfprotectionist embodiment of human body, can thereby excrete some toxin, beneficial to the human body, if stop rushing down blindly, it is unfavorable to rotate and return to the condition instead. Say, anti-diarrheal is only suitable for non-infective diarrhoea, but infective diarrhoea is not generally used in principle, acute one, inflammation and poisoning symptom (such as high fever) The more obvious, suppuration blood relatively should be deemed to stop the absolutely avoiding of cathartic a long time; By convalescence, the condition obviously takes a favorable turn, the stool does not bring the blood of suppuration, it is the moisture relatively a long time, can also take and stop cathartic in short-term.
Should pay attention to getting ill and different secondly, it is different to use medicine. Result from the reason that the intestines wriggle and is increased fast, such as first overbearing and diabetes, intestines and stomach function disorderly, etc, should choose inhibitors first enterically and wriggle, in order to lengthen the content thing detention time of intestines, facilitate the moisture absorbing and stopping rushing down, secreted and increases diarrhoea caused, such as cholera, bacterial food poisoning,etc. by the enteric mucous membrane, can choose astringent and adsorbent, secrete and absorb the harmful toxin and play a role in stopping rushing down through inhibiting the mucous membrane of intestines. If result in oozing out and increasing diarrhoea caused because of mucomembranous inflammation and ulcer, can choose the mucous membrane to protect pharmaceuticals, in order to protect the mucous membrane, remove the bacterium, virus and toxin. Diarrhoea and antibiotic relevance diarrhoea of infant and pre-school children caused by fungus group in the intestine, should choose a little ecological preparation first, grow the fungus through supplementary intestinal benefit, resume little ecological balance in the intestine, play and adjust the gastrointestinal function and stop the efficiency of rushing down. It is not due to single factor that some suffer from diarrhoea, should jointly use medicine according to the circumstances.
Third, it is only a treatment to the ill to stop rushing down, the treatment of cause of disease is the base. So stop, rush down fluid infusion, make sure not to ignore to the treatment having illness coming on originally. If is infective diarrhoea, should select sensitive antibiotic for use to control and infect; If result from having an indigestion, should start with recuperating the diet; If caused disorderlily by the function of intestines and stomach, can choose to regulate medicine and sedative of the nerve function of plants,etc..
Stop cathartic to take excessively, can cause abdominal distension. Constipation. False intestinal obstruction. Infective diarrhoea take and stop cathartic, can conceal the condition, influence doctor to diagnose. Patient, dysentery of fungus, take, stop cathartic influence intestine to bacterium and excretion of toxin often, make poisonous blood symptom become more serious, the course of disease is lengthened. The ulcer acute one of colitis uses and stops cathartic, can bring out poisoning huge colon and intestinal perforation. In addition, second piperazine pyridine of compound benzene. Codeine wait for contain, anaesthetize composition, take, can become addiction is so must careful to use for a long time.
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Friday, December 28, 2012
It belongs to the essence of salt food that one drop is fragrant
It belongs to the essence of salt food that one drop is fragrant
The hottest topic was only here last winterOne drop is fragrantWhether it is on the harmful problem, it is bubbling with noise that this question is fried at one time, the person who eats hot pot obviously reduces in whole winter. On the 1st of MarchMinistry of Public HealthIt is hot pot " One drop is fragrant " " drifting fragrance pharmaceutical of hot pot " After rectifying name, essence of these salt food can take down " poisonous " stuck by the external world at last " harmful " Label,can also use all kinds of food and beverage shops with right titles and proper words, afraid whether it query consumer again.
Ministry of Public Health held the news briefing of food additive last week " One drop is fragrant " " drifting fragrance pharmaceutical of hot pot " Rectify name, show products such as a drop of fragrant, hot pot drifting fragrance pharmaceuticals,etc. are found by many department's investigations such as Quality Testing Bureau, national Bureau of Drugs Supervision at the meeting, all the essence of salt food, it is harmless such as using to the human body according to the standard.
Since a drop of fragrant problems appeared, the State Council eats Ann to do and pay close attention to, urge the relevant department to deal with immediately. Departments such as Quality Testing Bureau, national Bureau of Drugs Supervision,etc. have checked relevant enterprises, the links of food and beverage,etc. too. The final investigation result reveals, " one drop is fragrant " Have the intersection of it and relevant the intersection of production and standard, salt the intersection of food and essential one, according to salt the intersection of food and production that essence go on, " it is precise to look like the chicken that everybody generally used " .
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The hottest topic was only here last winterOne drop is fragrantWhether it is on the harmful problem, it is bubbling with noise that this question is fried at one time, the person who eats hot pot obviously reduces in whole winter. On the 1st of MarchMinistry of Public HealthIt is hot pot " One drop is fragrant " " drifting fragrance pharmaceutical of hot pot " After rectifying name, essence of these salt food can take down " poisonous " stuck by the external world at last " harmful " Label,can also use all kinds of food and beverage shops with right titles and proper words, afraid whether it query consumer again.
Ministry of Public Health held the news briefing of food additive last week " One drop is fragrant " " drifting fragrance pharmaceutical of hot pot " Rectify name, show products such as a drop of fragrant, hot pot drifting fragrance pharmaceuticals,etc. are found by many department's investigations such as Quality Testing Bureau, national Bureau of Drugs Supervision at the meeting, all the essence of salt food, it is harmless such as using to the human body according to the standard.
Since a drop of fragrant problems appeared, the State Council eats Ann to do and pay close attention to, urge the relevant department to deal with immediately. Departments such as Quality Testing Bureau, national Bureau of Drugs Supervision,etc. have checked relevant enterprises, the links of food and beverage,etc. too. The final investigation result reveals, " one drop is fragrant " Have the intersection of it and relevant the intersection of production and standard, salt the intersection of food and essential one, according to salt the intersection of food and production that essence go on, " it is precise to look like the chicken that everybody generally used " .
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A vagrant dog collecting post is real to sell dogs meat in order to hang the charitable title?
A vagrant dog collecting post is real to sell dogs meat in order to hang the charitable title?
Hooligan and in the disease dog in the gate of collecting post
In on whom collecting post this sign with adopter send off, raise, prove, indicate, hand over, raise people " L Have no right to interfere the destination of the do>
Collecting post and what the adopter signs are single, want one pair of animals in the expenses of medicines and food taken, always called " L Adopt andk
A group of volunteers hear that has a pet's collecting post to specially have the roam cat and dog in one's care to spend, ascertain, but the result is greatly disappointed. Collecting post said to adopt more thanth dog, they see a dozen only; Said more than ten mu of large ones accommodate the field, they are unable to see. And volunteer reflect they send the intersection of pet and dog that here come on, know track finally. Whether this pet's collecting post is really engaged in having the love business of the roam cat and dog in one's care on earth, the reporter has launched investigating and collecting evident
Discern one : Claim to have dogs The playground of dog of 800 is refused to bet
Will it be October 13 and 23 2009, reporter two accommodate, stand, go on interviewing to the located in both your road to the weather of the district of flower pet successively, boss and shopkeeper wife are both unwilling to reveal names in two interviews. The volunteers introduce, the boss is the hooligan. Hooligan's stature tight and little, the attitude is cold and detached, it is a draught water shop opposite to the ones that accommodate and stand. At the time of the first interview, the hooligan's wife introduces, water of water shop is for the pet dog to drink and use; At the time of the second interview, the reporter sees the hooligan sends the draught water to subscribers by moc
The first interview, the hooligan reveals he adopts more than 800 dogs, has a dog's field oneself. At the time of the second interview, the reporter requires hooligans to bring to and watch dog's field, but the hooligan is not good with reporter's image, will infect germs to refuse for the excuse for dogs . Paragrapher two times both only see a dozen dogs in
A volunteer tells reporters, he hears hooligan's love is packed, adopt 800 vagrant dogs, come, spend, contribute money on a special trip, see so-called the intersection of dog and field either, and hooligan unable to offer, take land on lease contract or relevant ceri
Discern two : " L Do the good deed " R Needn't handle thi
After the first interview, the reporter communicates hooligans by telephone, he says he spends the money on vagrant dog every day, reaches 5000 yuan, the money comes from the donation of the love personage. For the second time come flower interview, hooligan say, want, cost, come diet to supply with dog by two 3,000 every da
Two 3,000 yuan in one day, on about 10 ten thousand yuan in January, then, how did this sum of huge sums of money come? The hooligan is not positive to answer reporters' question, he says: " Some people's money comes very conveniently, for example won the lottery. " The reporter too win the lottery to asked hooligans, answers that the hooligan is ambiguous, he has won the lottery in Macao, does the good d
It is introduced, this accommodates the station to already run for several years, when the reporter ask that has already gone through the legal procedure, the hooligan says, he is doing the good deed, needn't handle the business license, needn't pay taxest
Discern three: Known as a veterinarian but have no card, do not know general kl
It is a veterinarian that the hooligan is known as one's own wife, is the veterinarian that the staff have a plurality of too, but the hooligan says wife and the staff's cards of practising medicine are all in dog's field, it is unable to show temporarily. And dog's field, he is unwilling to take the reporteo
The reporter station is at the gate of this collecting post, the strong stink will assail the nostrils and come. The volunteer talks after physical verification in mew mew : " They do not know how to raise dog's knowledge. Do I ask, raised a puppy and died after infecting with the tiny virus, how long does it take to raise another puppy? He say just two months . " The reporter has inquired the doctor of the agricultural university pets hospital of South China, the other side says, first pet dog infect with tiny virus behind the death, want, separated by, raise the second pet dog half a year l
Discern four : Seven adopters only three people
The whereabouts after the vagrant dog is accommodated by the hooligan, the hooligans says, are all adopted by the love personage finally, " L The materials of the persons who adopt weigh up to seven 4 kilograms, all place on dog's field now. " Under the requiring constantly of the reporter, the hooligan has only provided seven adopters' telephone for reporter, when the reporter make a copy of, seize these materials hi
Subsequently, the reporter gets in touch with these seven persons who adopt, but find that two numbers are dead numbers, a person has not been adopted, other four people say and really adopt, but in that a person says the dog was collided to death a few days ago, only three people express that can see the dog that p
Discern five : It is missing to give the dog aftere
, reporters have also seen one and sent off and raised proving, are writing above " L Have no right to interfere the destination of the dog " . Meaning is, so long as the host of the dog sends the dog here, will let the collecting post handled soon. Then, how did these dogs handle? Those three persons adopting the pet dog say, they have all paid the expenses of several hundred yuan. But why adopt love dog pay the expenses? The hooligan's explanation is, he has had an injection for dogs, should pay the fee in having injection. A lady whose surname is Du says, at what she is being adopted time, the hooligan says, he caught four stitches for dogs, every needle costs 50 yuan, have charged 200 yuan altt
And the volunteer reflects to the reporter, he has several friends who send some puppies here, while going to visit again, are told their puppy has already been adopted, but the hooligan can not offer contacting the way of the adopter. Other volunteers say, suspect a part of these vagrant dogs has been sold and make money, there is a part that may have been sent to the restaurant, the vagrant dog has a lot of germs on one's body, will bring out many kinds of diseases after theo
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Hooligan and in the disease dog in the gate of collecting post
In on whom collecting post this sign with adopter send off, raise, prove, indicate, hand over, raise people " L Have no right to interfere the destination of the do>
Collecting post and what the adopter signs are single, want one pair of animals in the expenses of medicines and food taken, always called " L Adopt andk
A group of volunteers hear that has a pet's collecting post to specially have the roam cat and dog in one's care to spend, ascertain, but the result is greatly disappointed. Collecting post said to adopt more thanth dog, they see a dozen only; Said more than ten mu of large ones accommodate the field, they are unable to see. And volunteer reflect they send the intersection of pet and dog that here come on, know track finally. Whether this pet's collecting post is really engaged in having the love business of the roam cat and dog in one's care on earth, the reporter has launched investigating and collecting evident
Discern one : Claim to have dogs The playground of dog of 800 is refused to bet
Will it be October 13 and 23 2009, reporter two accommodate, stand, go on interviewing to the located in both your road to the weather of the district of flower pet successively, boss and shopkeeper wife are both unwilling to reveal names in two interviews. The volunteers introduce, the boss is the hooligan. Hooligan's stature tight and little, the attitude is cold and detached, it is a draught water shop opposite to the ones that accommodate and stand. At the time of the first interview, the hooligan's wife introduces, water of water shop is for the pet dog to drink and use; At the time of the second interview, the reporter sees the hooligan sends the draught water to subscribers by moc
The first interview, the hooligan reveals he adopts more than 800 dogs, has a dog's field oneself. At the time of the second interview, the reporter requires hooligans to bring to and watch dog's field, but the hooligan is not good with reporter's image, will infect germs to refuse for the excuse for dogs . Paragrapher two times both only see a dozen dogs in
A volunteer tells reporters, he hears hooligan's love is packed, adopt 800 vagrant dogs, come, spend, contribute money on a special trip, see so-called the intersection of dog and field either, and hooligan unable to offer, take land on lease contract or relevant ceri
Discern two : " L Do the good deed " R Needn't handle thi
After the first interview, the reporter communicates hooligans by telephone, he says he spends the money on vagrant dog every day, reaches 5000 yuan, the money comes from the donation of the love personage. For the second time come flower interview, hooligan say, want, cost, come diet to supply with dog by two 3,000 every da
Two 3,000 yuan in one day, on about 10 ten thousand yuan in January, then, how did this sum of huge sums of money come? The hooligan is not positive to answer reporters' question, he says: " Some people's money comes very conveniently, for example won the lottery. " The reporter too win the lottery to asked hooligans, answers that the hooligan is ambiguous, he has won the lottery in Macao, does the good d
It is introduced, this accommodates the station to already run for several years, when the reporter ask that has already gone through the legal procedure, the hooligan says, he is doing the good deed, needn't handle the business license, needn't pay taxest
Discern three: Known as a veterinarian but have no card, do not know general kl
It is a veterinarian that the hooligan is known as one's own wife, is the veterinarian that the staff have a plurality of too, but the hooligan says wife and the staff's cards of practising medicine are all in dog's field, it is unable to show temporarily. And dog's field, he is unwilling to take the reporteo
The reporter station is at the gate of this collecting post, the strong stink will assail the nostrils and come. The volunteer talks after physical verification in mew mew : " They do not know how to raise dog's knowledge. Do I ask, raised a puppy and died after infecting with the tiny virus, how long does it take to raise another puppy? He say just two months . " The reporter has inquired the doctor of the agricultural university pets hospital of South China, the other side says, first pet dog infect with tiny virus behind the death, want, separated by, raise the second pet dog half a year l
Discern four : Seven adopters only three people
The whereabouts after the vagrant dog is accommodated by the hooligan, the hooligans says, are all adopted by the love personage finally, " L The materials of the persons who adopt weigh up to seven 4 kilograms, all place on dog's field now. " Under the requiring constantly of the reporter, the hooligan has only provided seven adopters' telephone for reporter, when the reporter make a copy of, seize these materials hi
Subsequently, the reporter gets in touch with these seven persons who adopt, but find that two numbers are dead numbers, a person has not been adopted, other four people say and really adopt, but in that a person says the dog was collided to death a few days ago, only three people express that can see the dog that p
Discern five : It is missing to give the dog aftere
, reporters have also seen one and sent off and raised proving, are writing above " L Have no right to interfere the destination of the dog " . Meaning is, so long as the host of the dog sends the dog here, will let the collecting post handled soon. Then, how did these dogs handle? Those three persons adopting the pet dog say, they have all paid the expenses of several hundred yuan. But why adopt love dog pay the expenses? The hooligan's explanation is, he has had an injection for dogs, should pay the fee in having injection. A lady whose surname is Du says, at what she is being adopted time, the hooligan says, he caught four stitches for dogs, every needle costs 50 yuan, have charged 200 yuan altt
And the volunteer reflects to the reporter, he has several friends who send some puppies here, while going to visit again, are told their puppy has already been adopted, but the hooligan can not offer contacting the way of the adopter. Other volunteers say, suspect a part of these vagrant dogs has been sold and make money, there is a part that may have been sent to the restaurant, the vagrant dog has a lot of germs on one's body, will bring out many kinds of diseases after theo
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One cure disease give people to be warm to make people sigh with deep feeling
One cure disease, give people to be warm to make people sigh with deep feeling
When it is turned in the prescription size into a kind of general phenomenon that ordinary people are entangled with, the ones that witness happen that " suiting the remedy to the case " This maxim one " The fact " With " value " Fracture,and is it since systems and social security system the urgencies of reform medical why aspects a certain is current in evidence for it
Jiangsu the intersection of Changzhou and one citizen get hospital think, suffer from diarrhoea for child, doctor turn on mao of medicines only, finish curing the child's disease. Make family sigh with deep feeling very much.
At present, the difficulty and high cost of getting medical treatment, relationship between doctors and patients are tense,etc., often condemned by people, someone even calls him as newly " The three big mountains " The first. Is it a serious disease or small disease to in charge of you, examine both emergency call and ordinarily, a lot of doctors are while prescribing, always as much as possible " It is big " Direction push away,is it but not close without being made great efforts " light " Bottom line. What is more, see " people " while suiting the remedy to the case Write a prescription, the residence, job and dressing, are all included in the weighing and considering the category of prescription size.
" great prescription " Have become one that patient and his relative have to face and accept " The normality " . In this kind of linguistic context, we are just easy to understand, such as doctor Xu Li in the news report, contend in beauty by doctor of Hubei community king, Chongqing north the intersection of cloud and the intersection of spring and the intersection of hygiene and service station, district of Bo, doctor huge and expensive Wei have and the intersection of Xi'an and the intersection of West Rail and teacher, doctor of community, defend the east,etc. " Small prescription doctor " ,Why will cause the strong response of the society immediately after revealing upon the media, unanimouslied praise by local people. Trace it to its cause, besides medical skill, more one also lies in " small prescription " Great feelings and high realm transmitted.
The hospital especially large hospital the reason why appears and prevails " The great prescription " ,The following several respect reason is suitable for canvassing at least: It used to first, people by some value judgement, it last idea and " Expert's complex " ,Second, high-quality medical resource unbalanced floating and insufficient, three a few doctor love lack and sense of responsibility enough, just think of oneself and seek profit, does not consider the other side's economic endurance. But so far as reality, " raise medicine with medicine " It is a systematic basic reason. In certain meaning, we can even think, it is this that has caused the hospital to pursue profits to maximize simply, impelling some doctors' prescription constantly at the same time " Upgrade " .
Because of the above-mentioned content, if you want to stop " great prescription " ,Urge the doctor to use medicine rationally, reflect humanistic spirit and must dissolve " raise medicine with medicine " effectively essentially Social persistent ailment. And this, has already needed further advancing the medical reform, has restrained from and standardized the behavior of prescribing with system, chop a doctor and interests chain between medicines off; Also need to increase the input in government, expand " great medical insurance " Broadness and depth,last service level and service quality of hospital,it is last attribute and public service essences public early hospitals public not to promote.
But the speech in fact, to everyone, it is the most important to be physically and mentally healthy. In the ideal state of suiting the remedy to the case and healing the wounded, rescue the dying, the doctor is no matter with " small prescription " " great prescription " Appearance appear, shouldn't become "different class " Pronoun; Size of prescription copy shouldn't become target that we entangled with either, entangled with may cause of disease only and disease, how to treat and when to recover. When it is turned in the prescription size into a kind of general phenomenon that ordinary people are entangled with, the ones that witness happen that " suiting the remedy to the case " This maxim one " The fact " With " value " Fracture,and it since aspects a certain evidence current systems and social security system the urgencies of reform medical.
" small prescription " Go far gradually, woman doctor turn on first prescription cure the patient, must turn into the reality " mythology " . Only, ordinary people's size to the prescription is entangled with will go on. What made people more uneasy is, the fracture suiting the remedy to the case and ordinary people are entangled with, will let, check, use medicine rationally rationally not merely " The great prescription " ,It is difficult to obtain due support and trust, may influence the dignity of human personality and happiness life of ordinary people, and even life security.
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When it is turned in the prescription size into a kind of general phenomenon that ordinary people are entangled with, the ones that witness happen that " suiting the remedy to the case " This maxim one " The fact " With " value " Fracture,and is it since systems and social security system the urgencies of reform medical why aspects a certain is current in evidence for it
Jiangsu the intersection of Changzhou and one citizen get hospital think, suffer from diarrhoea for child, doctor turn on mao of medicines only, finish curing the child's disease. Make family sigh with deep feeling very much.
At present, the difficulty and high cost of getting medical treatment, relationship between doctors and patients are tense,etc., often condemned by people, someone even calls him as newly " The three big mountains " The first. Is it a serious disease or small disease to in charge of you, examine both emergency call and ordinarily, a lot of doctors are while prescribing, always as much as possible " It is big " Direction push away,is it but not close without being made great efforts " light " Bottom line. What is more, see " people " while suiting the remedy to the case Write a prescription, the residence, job and dressing, are all included in the weighing and considering the category of prescription size.
" great prescription " Have become one that patient and his relative have to face and accept " The normality " . In this kind of linguistic context, we are just easy to understand, such as doctor Xu Li in the news report, contend in beauty by doctor of Hubei community king, Chongqing north the intersection of cloud and the intersection of spring and the intersection of hygiene and service station, district of Bo, doctor huge and expensive Wei have and the intersection of Xi'an and the intersection of West Rail and teacher, doctor of community, defend the east,etc. " Small prescription doctor " ,Why will cause the strong response of the society immediately after revealing upon the media, unanimouslied praise by local people. Trace it to its cause, besides medical skill, more one also lies in " small prescription " Great feelings and high realm transmitted.
The hospital especially large hospital the reason why appears and prevails " The great prescription " ,The following several respect reason is suitable for canvassing at least: It used to first, people by some value judgement, it last idea and " Expert's complex " ,Second, high-quality medical resource unbalanced floating and insufficient, three a few doctor love lack and sense of responsibility enough, just think of oneself and seek profit, does not consider the other side's economic endurance. But so far as reality, " raise medicine with medicine " It is a systematic basic reason. In certain meaning, we can even think, it is this that has caused the hospital to pursue profits to maximize simply, impelling some doctors' prescription constantly at the same time " Upgrade " .
Because of the above-mentioned content, if you want to stop " great prescription " ,Urge the doctor to use medicine rationally, reflect humanistic spirit and must dissolve " raise medicine with medicine " effectively essentially Social persistent ailment. And this, has already needed further advancing the medical reform, has restrained from and standardized the behavior of prescribing with system, chop a doctor and interests chain between medicines off; Also need to increase the input in government, expand " great medical insurance " Broadness and depth,last service level and service quality of hospital,it is last attribute and public service essences public early hospitals public not to promote.
But the speech in fact, to everyone, it is the most important to be physically and mentally healthy. In the ideal state of suiting the remedy to the case and healing the wounded, rescue the dying, the doctor is no matter with " small prescription " " great prescription " Appearance appear, shouldn't become "different class " Pronoun; Size of prescription copy shouldn't become target that we entangled with either, entangled with may cause of disease only and disease, how to treat and when to recover. When it is turned in the prescription size into a kind of general phenomenon that ordinary people are entangled with, the ones that witness happen that " suiting the remedy to the case " This maxim one " The fact " With " value " Fracture,and it since aspects a certain evidence current systems and social security system the urgencies of reform medical.
" small prescription " Go far gradually, woman doctor turn on first prescription cure the patient, must turn into the reality " mythology " . Only, ordinary people's size to the prescription is entangled with will go on. What made people more uneasy is, the fracture suiting the remedy to the case and ordinary people are entangled with, will let, check, use medicine rationally rationally not merely " The great prescription " ,It is difficult to obtain due support and trust, may influence the dignity of human personality and happiness life of ordinary people, and even life security.
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One condiment let fresh water turn into who take the intersection of common people and health turn on rinse chicken soup?
One condiment let fresh water turn into who take the intersection of common people and health, turn on, rinse chicken soup?
According to the sound report of 15 past 8 of " News Roundup " of China, the nutrition of the chicken soup is costly, no matter all deserve to be called a table delicacies at home or in the hotel. However, sometimes the chicken soup that you drink may not be using chicken as raw materials, but joined one to call " One drop is fragrant " Food additive. The intersection of the additive and one, can make fresh water become taste to produce chicken soup.
Chicken soup, tough duck soup, steamed beef soup, the soup not only smells fragrant, it is but also that thick fragrant smell fires the imagination glibly to drink, but Mr. Wu, citizen of Hefei, explode material to reporter a few days ago, most soup the at the the intersection of Hefei and market with real chicken and duck, beef stew come out, Mr. Wu says, he dealt in a surface hall in the past, in order to make the taste of the noodle soup save the cost at the same time more deliciously, some counterparts recommend one kind to him to let " One drop is fragrant " Food additive:
Mr. Wu: Taste is similar to original soup, relatively save raw materials, usually mingle with sesame oil to use.
Piling the wholesale market of food in the grain in week of Hefei, the reporter saw this kind is commonly called as " one drop is fragrant " Food additive, fill with everything chicken bad smell, duck meat bad smell, beef bad smell, mutton bad smell,etc. price to 100 yuans, it costs a drop of fragrant bosses and say, usually all some hotels knead dough the hall buy this kind of additive, 20 yuan for one bottle " One drop is fragrant " The small hotel can use for one month, so long as use according to the explanation above, control consumption, can not be harmful to human body, but " one drop is fragrant " Add much perfume strong, so the intersection of hotel and Mr. buy, go back what does it add really, no one knows: Inside general hotels, the hotel, they cook the food and beverage, the more fragrant what others ate is, the more delicious what others ate is.
Is this kind of additive really so magical? The reporter took a bottle of beef flavor " One drop is fragrant " Open and smell, a whiff of pungent taste blows against one's face, but drip in the fresh water, waft, get up any oil spend, have one thick fragrant smell of steamed beef soup at the colourless tasteless fresh water originally. According to the introduction of expert, this kind lets " one drop is fragrant " Additive work it out synthetic in chemical industry method,it is diminish by health to eat for a long time, many citizens are sighing over with feeling " One drop is fragrant " Inconceivable while, worry for the food security question too.
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According to the sound report of 15 past 8 of " News Roundup " of China, the nutrition of the chicken soup is costly, no matter all deserve to be called a table delicacies at home or in the hotel. However, sometimes the chicken soup that you drink may not be using chicken as raw materials, but joined one to call " One drop is fragrant " Food additive. The intersection of the additive and one, can make fresh water become taste to produce chicken soup.
Chicken soup, tough duck soup, steamed beef soup, the soup not only smells fragrant, it is but also that thick fragrant smell fires the imagination glibly to drink, but Mr. Wu, citizen of Hefei, explode material to reporter a few days ago, most soup the at the the intersection of Hefei and market with real chicken and duck, beef stew come out, Mr. Wu says, he dealt in a surface hall in the past, in order to make the taste of the noodle soup save the cost at the same time more deliciously, some counterparts recommend one kind to him to let " One drop is fragrant " Food additive:
Mr. Wu: Taste is similar to original soup, relatively save raw materials, usually mingle with sesame oil to use.
Piling the wholesale market of food in the grain in week of Hefei, the reporter saw this kind is commonly called as " one drop is fragrant " Food additive, fill with everything chicken bad smell, duck meat bad smell, beef bad smell, mutton bad smell,etc. price to 100 yuans, it costs a drop of fragrant bosses and say, usually all some hotels knead dough the hall buy this kind of additive, 20 yuan for one bottle " One drop is fragrant " The small hotel can use for one month, so long as use according to the explanation above, control consumption, can not be harmful to human body, but " one drop is fragrant " Add much perfume strong, so the intersection of hotel and Mr. buy, go back what does it add really, no one knows: Inside general hotels, the hotel, they cook the food and beverage, the more fragrant what others ate is, the more delicious what others ate is.
Is this kind of additive really so magical? The reporter took a bottle of beef flavor " One drop is fragrant " Open and smell, a whiff of pungent taste blows against one's face, but drip in the fresh water, waft, get up any oil spend, have one thick fragrant smell of steamed beef soup at the colourless tasteless fresh water originally. According to the introduction of expert, this kind lets " one drop is fragrant " Additive work it out synthetic in chemical industry method,it is diminish by health to eat for a long time, many citizens are sighing over with feeling " One drop is fragrant " Inconceivable while, worry for the food security question too.
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Bleed --Make smoke people foresee lung cancer risk
Bleed --Make, smoke people foresee lung cancer risk
Smoker, some people getting easy lung cancer equally, because these people are the hereditary susceptible persons of lung cancer. Jiangsu Province tumour prevent and cure the intersection of research institute and Xue, turn on a research which the researcher finished a few days ago first, can help smokers to clarify rapidly that suffer from the degree of danger of lung cancer by oneself. So long as the smoker goes to the prophylactico-therapeutic institution of tumour to prick the finger to fetch and bleed (0.1 ml) ,Can confirm whether oneself is apt to suffer from lung cancer. Want, reduce, smoke carcinogenic rate, find out, reflect individual cancer an important link in apt perceptual biological sign in heredity. This is by name " it is formed with lung cancer individual's good biological sign easy to be perceptual that internal lymphocytes are a little nuclear. Kai Xue wait for someone, adopt lymphocyte to be a little nuclear to measure law first, do the controlled study to 95 the intersection of lung cancer and patient and 90 normal people, as a result, lung cancer spontaneous little core rate of patient smoke, bring out nuclear rate per 1,000 0.87-1.64 respectively a little, spontaneous it brings out to be a little nuclear the intersection of rate and per 1,000 0.47 and per 1,000 0.76 1 time about increasing than normal crowd. When it is 1 that examined the individual the a little nuclear rate of blood lymphocyte for week, relatively dangerous degree of lung cancer is raised by 5 times, when equal to or greater than 3 , relatively dangerous degree is improved by more than 20 times. This research has also offered the extremely simple and convenient economy detection method for investigation of great sample epidemiology, it only needs 0.1 Bo to promote the whole blood (can also use the not blood of tip of finger) ,Do not need special instrument, can finish the a little nuclear film-making of 40 people one in half a day, can finish a little core to read slice in 30 minutes.
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Smoker, some people getting easy lung cancer equally, because these people are the hereditary susceptible persons of lung cancer. Jiangsu Province tumour prevent and cure the intersection of research institute and Xue, turn on a research which the researcher finished a few days ago first, can help smokers to clarify rapidly that suffer from the degree of danger of lung cancer by oneself. So long as the smoker goes to the prophylactico-therapeutic institution of tumour to prick the finger to fetch and bleed (0.1 ml) ,Can confirm whether oneself is apt to suffer from lung cancer. Want, reduce, smoke carcinogenic rate, find out, reflect individual cancer an important link in apt perceptual biological sign in heredity. This is by name " it is formed with lung cancer individual's good biological sign easy to be perceptual that internal lymphocytes are a little nuclear. Kai Xue wait for someone, adopt lymphocyte to be a little nuclear to measure law first, do the controlled study to 95 the intersection of lung cancer and patient and 90 normal people, as a result, lung cancer spontaneous little core rate of patient smoke, bring out nuclear rate per 1,000 0.87-1.64 respectively a little, spontaneous it brings out to be a little nuclear the intersection of rate and per 1,000 0.47 and per 1,000 0.76 1 time about increasing than normal crowd. When it is 1 that examined the individual the a little nuclear rate of blood lymphocyte for week, relatively dangerous degree of lung cancer is raised by 5 times, when equal to or greater than 3 , relatively dangerous degree is improved by more than 20 times. This research has also offered the extremely simple and convenient economy detection method for investigation of great sample epidemiology, it only needs 0.1 Bo to promote the whole blood (can also use the not blood of tip of finger) ,Do not need special instrument, can finish the a little nuclear film-making of 40 people one in half a day, can finish a little core to read slice in 30 minutes.
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Function _'s treatment method in the liver is damaged of nitrous oxides
Function _'s treatment method in the liver is damaged of nitrous oxides
Function in the liver is damaged of nitrous oxides
Chinese infectious disease magazine Vol. 16 of number 1 of 1998 Survey
Author: Xing HuiChun Wang ShouYi
Unit: 030001 Taiyuan, the first hospital of mountain Western medicine university
Nitrous oxides (nitricoxide, NO) It is a kind of internal essential information molecules, has malicious function of cell. When causing the son of cause of disease to attack the liver, the endotoxin can cause the cover in the liver or blood vessel to produce a large amount of NO, participate in its physiological course of pathology.
First, NO induction in the liver are formated
There is a large amount of NO that emerges in patient's body of disease and shock of endotoxic blood, reveals the big mouse's hepatocyte (HC) of this disease with Northern blot There is inducing NO synthase (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) inside MRNA express to increase,blood plasma at the same time Central Asia nitrate (NO-2)With nitrate (NO-3)(the steady end product of NO supersession) Increase[1]. In endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of bacterium The liver of mouse that defies in advance leaves the body and irritates and flows NO in liquid-2/NO-3Produce and obviously increase, use L - single methyl arginine (NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine, L-NMMA, a kind of NO synthase inhibitor) Can inhibit most NO-2/NO-3Produce, this indicate liver have L - arginine - the intersection of NO and supersession that LPS stimulate[2]. External experiment in withered to deny cell (KC) Train and join LPS in the liquid, can produce a large amount of NO. Hepatocyte with withered to deny cell train together and in have withered deny clear liquid at the whom cell train or have many kinds of cell factors, can be stimulated by LPS to produce a large amount of NO. Ito cell can also receive LPS and - interferon (IFN - ) , tumour necrosis factor (TNF - ) Wait for function and express iNOS, and formate a large amount of NO[3].
NO can also induce and formate in the blood vessel. Someone finds that there is activation of iNOS in the blood vessel of the liver cirrhosis mouse. It can make structural nitrous oxides synthase in endothelial cells excessive and express that also the evidence shows endotoxin, beating blood flow, turns into the stress, NO formates and increases. Smooth cells can also be induced to by the above-mentioned factor formate a large amount of NO.
It is not so obvious that it is machine-processed that LPS causes iNOS to express. According to thinking the nuclear factor KB plays a key role among them, employ Pentamethyle-hydroxychromance (inhibitor of a kind of NFKB) Can inhibit the expression of this gene[4].
Second, impact on NO production of cell factor
LPS initiates internal NO to formate and increase, LPS can cause macrophages, KC,etc. produces many kinds of cell factors, and factor of these cells participates in NO synthetic regulation conversely.
TNF - is considered to be a synthetic important person who regulates of NO. Participating in hepatocyte, smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell, the induction of NO is formated. When the endotoxin causes little mouse's liver to damage, blood plasma NO-2/NO-3Accompany by the one TNF increased. If resist mouse - TNF - to resist more with the rabbit in advance, can make TNF - 's level in the blood obviously reduce, NO at the same time-2/NO-3The density is also reduced[5]. Other cell factors also participate in NO synthetic regulation. Isolate liver, train outside the cell body from big mouse that LPS defy in advance, join TNF - or IL-1 can make iNOS mDNA express in the hepatocyte[1]. IFN - can make, come from endotoxic the intersection of blood and the intersection of disease and cell, Ito of mouse, formate NO increase[3]. Though IL-6 fails to make the hepatocyte express iNOS mRNA alone, can make this kind of effect of IL-1 obviously increase[1]. TNF - and IL-1 , TNF - and IFN - demonstrate the obvious cooperative effect. Another some the intersection of cell and to to produce, shoulder to regulating action while being synthetic NO factor. Growth factor - is duplicated through inhibiting iNOS such as transforming, reduce iNOS mRNA stability, promotes the resolving of iNOS albumen and inhibits the biosynthesis of NO. In addition IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and PGE2Reduce NO synthetic function.
The cell factor can also be through regulating influencing the formation of NO synthetically of other cell factors, form a complicated network system.
Third, NO role in liver disease
Ma does not irritate while flowing until ischemic in the liver, finds liver free radical increases. If loud mouse deals with LPS first, although increased NO can be totally removed because of irritating free radicals produced again, but AST raises, can prevent this kind of effect due to LPS with L-NMMA, points out NO and perhaps reacts with the peroxide, participate in the damage course of the liver together[2]. NO toxic effect in the liver mainly shows:
1. NO inhibits mitochondria from breathing the chain. According to think NO that macrophage produce it wounds mechanisms of effect one of to be to inhibit mitochondria from breathing the chain to microorganism and the intersection of tumour and cell, have hindered the formulation of energy. Train HC in the liquid to join other source NO, the compound thing of mitochondrial aconitase and mitochondrial electron transfer chain on reliance of density (complement enzyme and take off hydrogen appears promptly 5 minutes later And complex 2 (amber sour desaturase) Active inhibition, in 6 hours after withdraw from NO, the active full restoration of mitochondrial aconitase. Compound the thing activity to also resume partly. L-NMMA can reverse the inhibition that NO breathed to mitochondria of hepatocyte partially. But NO has not almost influenced the compound thing, compounding things of aconitase and mitochondrial electron transfer chain in the liquid of afterbirth. Indicate the inhibition that NO breathes to mitochondria has an alternative one, and the most sensitive one is mitochondrial aconitase. This may because enzyme to store position in to be different. Aconitase presents and dissolves the state in the liquid of afterbirth, but bind in mitochondria with inner membrane, make and kissing the lipoprotein NO is apter to combine[6].
2. NO inhibits the hepatocyte albumen from formating. Hepatocyte that train act on LPS or some the intersection of cell and factor, can make, train NO in the liquid outside the body-2/NO-3Increase, with the synthetic reducing of total albumen at the same time; Exposed to the albumen that other source NO can also produce density reliance to formate and inhibit. This kind of inhibitory activity can be prevented by L-NMMA, if add L - arginine and reappear again again, indicate NO formates inhibitory activity to the albumen[7]. But Frederick,etc. is while finding big mouse's endotoxic blood disease in the whole experiment, the increase that is formed along with NO is that HC formates the increase of the albumen. This author is regarded as because NO promotes the function of the blood flow of liver to offset NO synthetic direct inhibitory activity to hepatocyte albumen. Also train NO density in the liquid with the internal NO density than external cells low and relevantly. Plasma protein and a kind of reason that the blood coagulation factor drops when NO synthetic inhibition to albumen may be chronic hepatopathy.
3. NO inhibition of other supersession. NO has influence on that hepatocyte glucose is formated. Horton is 3 hours after dealing with the big mouse with LPS, iNOS increases, correlates with synthetic inhibition of hepatocyte glucose that is isolated subsequently in the hepatocyte. Stadler,etc. trains HC and IFN - , IL-1 , TNF - and LPS together, inducible NO formates, the glucose output is reduced by 48.8% at the same time, can totally reverse this effect with L-NMMA. Other source NO can cause the synthetic inhibition of hepatocyte glucose on reliance of the density too[8]. This foundation that blood glucose reduces when being may be hepatopathy or suppuration and poisonous blood disease. Have materials show NO, can stimulate the intersection of liver and production of glucose temporarily also.
NO can inhibit it from formating through inhibiting DNA synthetic enzyme[3],Also can make inferior the intersection of nitre and acyl it through bind with DNA, cause the intersection of DNA and rupture or sudden change, influence his supersession, in addition NO also has influence on the lipoprotein supersession.
The mechanism on the toxic effect of liver of NO has not been totally distinct, NO contains an electron in pairs, act on other electrons in pairs with materials such as the inferior iron ion, sulfhydryl- base,etc., it may be a foundation on its function to make its function damage. In addition NO can also be with O-2The response produces and exceeds and oxidizes the inferior nitric acid anion (ONOO-)And other free radicals cause lipid to cross and oxidize, function enzyme, structural albumen,etc. are destroyed.
Cell exposed to high-level NO, reveal, damage effect continuously, have evidence indicate NO have protective action to the liver also. Billiar,etc. causes little mouse's liver to damage with LPS, NO formates and increases. Although NO synthase inhibitor can reduce the production of NO prominently, the liver is damaged and obviously aggravated. The endotoxic blood disease patient obviously rises with bilirubin of blood and ALT after L-NMMA. Indicate NO in swollen to lie between, lead liver, damage while being dirty, shield, host to essential response that inflammation react[5]. NO is not so obvious to the mechanism on the protective action of liver, someone thinks LPS causes the liver to be damaged and may be lain between and led of reactive oxygen mediumed, NO can react and produce the low toxic material as a kind of antioxidant but and ultra oxygen anion or other free radicals, until microscope observe change that liver a little circulates under the little the intersection of mouse and endotoxic the intersection of blood and disease in the living subject Nishida,etc., find, share the intersection of NO and synthase behind the inhibitor, liver the leucocyte is adhered to 5- 6 times higher than the control group in the sinus, see the sinus diameter shrink at the same time, the sinus blood flow volume of liver is reduced, cover swelling in the sinus, the blood platelet assembles. If circulate a little disorderlily this kind that L - arginine can dispel the liver at the same time, indicate NO can regulate the liver to circulate in endotoxic blood disease a little. The ones that prevent the liver and result from the reason that ischemic or the leucocyte is adhered to are oxidized and damaging[10]. But Stadler thinks under some inflammatory states, the liver function obstacle is because of the inhibition of the cellular metabolism of liver, it is not irritating and flowing the question of liver.
Forming that high motive force circulated when NO still participates in liver cirrhosis. With react, park, inhibit experimental the intersection of door and the intersection of pulse and high-pressure NO of mouse from produce Lopez-Talavera,etc. ,Can improve average arterial pressure and blood vessel resistance of the systemic circulation, reduce the pulse pressure of the door notably[11]. This may be that NO that the cover produces acts on sour ring enzyme of glucoside of bird in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessel in the blood vessel, make cGMP formate and increase, calcium ion is released on the cytoplasm, enable smooth muscle cell relaxation in the skin thick liquid network, angiectasis. And around blood vessel it expands to be the intersection of liver cirrhosis and the intersection of door and the intersection of pulse and high-pressure the intersection of sodium and water retention, ascites form and the intersection of liver and the intersection of kidney and whom syndrome produce start to move the factor.
Fourth, understanding of NO double action
In sum, NO is shown as two kinds of contradictory effects each other in liver disease. Support the training for external cells more of malicious function of NO cell, the influence factor is relatively single, and NO density is much higher than vivo experimentation; NO protective action reveal in the experiment of the integral level or organ level more, the function of other cells factor participation that may be had in succession or followed, the influence factor is relatively complicated. The environment that natural cells live in the body is not also the same. Ma,etc. thinks that expands pharmaceuticals to resist ischemic and shieldingly as the blood vessel in physiological function of NO; Its chemical property is free radical, can form the toxic material. This kind of double action may depend on organizing and physiological environment. When organizing oxygen to be poor, increased NO may mainly play a expanding the blood vessel role, inhibit the leucocyte to adhere to and assemble, organize irritating and flowing and lightening and damaging by increasing; When organizing oxygen to be competent, perhaps NO reacts, has dispelled expanding the function of blood vessel of NO with the peroxide, produce directly toxic materials (ONOO at the same time-). It expands function of blood vessel, because of in different courses of disease or acting on different positions to also show as different effects. When the liver liver is damaged, NO can shield through improving the blood flow of liver, but NO participates in the pathologic course that its high motive force circulates in liver cirrhosis. Billiar,etc. thinks ONOO-While there are not plasma protein and glutathion, can cause the blood platelet to assemble and damage, but under the physiological environment, prevent the blood platelet from assembling. According to thinking NO and O-2Ratio last lipid to last their toxicity's decisive factors to react.
References
1 Geller DA, Freeswick PC, Nguyen D.et al.Differential inductien of nictric oxide synthase in hepatocyte during endotoxemia and the acute-phase response.Arch surg,1994,129:165-171.
2 Ma TT, Ischiropoulos H, Brass CA, Endotoxin-stimulated nitric oxide production increase injury and reduces rat liver chemiluminescence during reperfusion.Castroenterology,1995,103:463-469.
3 Helyar L, Bundschunh DS, Laskin JD, et al.Induction of hepatic Ito cell nitri oxide production after acute endotoxemia.Hepatology,1994,20:1509-1515.
4 Hattori S, Hattori Y, Banba N, et al.Penlamethyle-hydroxychromance, vitamin E derivative, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase by bactrerial lipapolysaccharide.Biochem Mol Biol Int,1995,35:177-183.
5 Harbrecht BG, Silvio MD, Demetris AJ, et al.Tumor necrosis facter - regulates in vivo nitric oxide synthesis and induces liver injury duri ng endotoxemia.Hepatology,1994,20:1055-1060.
6 Stadler J, Billiar TR, Curran RD, et al.Effector of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration of rat hepatocyt es.Am J Physiol,1991,260: C910-916.
7 Nussler AK, Silvio M, Liu ZZ, et al.Futher characterization and comparision of iNOS in mouse,rat and human hepacytes.Hepatology,1995,21:1552-1560.
8 Stadler J, Barton D, Bell-Moeller H, et al.Hepatocyte nitric oxide biosynthesis inhibits glucose output and competes with urea synthesis f or L-arginine.Am J Physiol,1995,268: G183-188.
9 Billiar TR,Curran RD,Harbrecht BG,et al.Modulation of nitrogon oxide synthesis invivo: NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits endotoxin-induced nitrite/niteate biosyothesis while promoting hepatic damage.J Leukoc Biol,1990,48:565-569.
10 Nishida J, Mccuskey RS, Medonnell D, et al.Protective role of No in hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction during endotoxe-mia.Am J Physiol,1994,267: G1135-1141.
11 Lopez-Talaver JC.Candelina G, Olchowski J, et al.Thalidomide inhibits tumor necrosis factor , decreases nitric oxide synthesis, and ameliorats the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome in portal hypertensine rats.Hepatology,1996,23:1616-1621.
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Function in the liver is damaged of nitrous oxides
Chinese infectious disease magazine Vol. 16 of number 1 of 1998 Survey
Author: Xing HuiChun Wang ShouYi
Unit: 030001 Taiyuan, the first hospital of mountain Western medicine university
Nitrous oxides (nitricoxide, NO) It is a kind of internal essential information molecules, has malicious function of cell. When causing the son of cause of disease to attack the liver, the endotoxin can cause the cover in the liver or blood vessel to produce a large amount of NO, participate in its physiological course of pathology.
First, NO induction in the liver are formated
There is a large amount of NO that emerges in patient's body of disease and shock of endotoxic blood, reveals the big mouse's hepatocyte (HC) of this disease with Northern blot There is inducing NO synthase (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) inside MRNA express to increase,blood plasma at the same time Central Asia nitrate (NO-2)With nitrate (NO-3)(the steady end product of NO supersession) Increase[1]. In endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of bacterium The liver of mouse that defies in advance leaves the body and irritates and flows NO in liquid-2/NO-3Produce and obviously increase, use L - single methyl arginine (NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine, L-NMMA, a kind of NO synthase inhibitor) Can inhibit most NO-2/NO-3Produce, this indicate liver have L - arginine - the intersection of NO and supersession that LPS stimulate[2]. External experiment in withered to deny cell (KC) Train and join LPS in the liquid, can produce a large amount of NO. Hepatocyte with withered to deny cell train together and in have withered deny clear liquid at the whom cell train or have many kinds of cell factors, can be stimulated by LPS to produce a large amount of NO. Ito cell can also receive LPS and - interferon (IFN - ) , tumour necrosis factor (TNF - ) Wait for function and express iNOS, and formate a large amount of NO[3].
NO can also induce and formate in the blood vessel. Someone finds that there is activation of iNOS in the blood vessel of the liver cirrhosis mouse. It can make structural nitrous oxides synthase in endothelial cells excessive and express that also the evidence shows endotoxin, beating blood flow, turns into the stress, NO formates and increases. Smooth cells can also be induced to by the above-mentioned factor formate a large amount of NO.
It is not so obvious that it is machine-processed that LPS causes iNOS to express. According to thinking the nuclear factor KB plays a key role among them, employ Pentamethyle-hydroxychromance (inhibitor of a kind of NFKB) Can inhibit the expression of this gene[4].
Second, impact on NO production of cell factor
LPS initiates internal NO to formate and increase, LPS can cause macrophages, KC,etc. produces many kinds of cell factors, and factor of these cells participates in NO synthetic regulation conversely.
TNF - is considered to be a synthetic important person who regulates of NO. Participating in hepatocyte, smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell, the induction of NO is formated. When the endotoxin causes little mouse's liver to damage, blood plasma NO-2/NO-3Accompany by the one TNF increased. If resist mouse - TNF - to resist more with the rabbit in advance, can make TNF - 's level in the blood obviously reduce, NO at the same time-2/NO-3The density is also reduced[5]. Other cell factors also participate in NO synthetic regulation. Isolate liver, train outside the cell body from big mouse that LPS defy in advance, join TNF - or IL-1 can make iNOS mDNA express in the hepatocyte[1]. IFN - can make, come from endotoxic the intersection of blood and the intersection of disease and cell, Ito of mouse, formate NO increase[3]. Though IL-6 fails to make the hepatocyte express iNOS mRNA alone, can make this kind of effect of IL-1 obviously increase[1]. TNF - and IL-1 , TNF - and IFN - demonstrate the obvious cooperative effect. Another some the intersection of cell and to to produce, shoulder to regulating action while being synthetic NO factor. Growth factor - is duplicated through inhibiting iNOS such as transforming, reduce iNOS mRNA stability, promotes the resolving of iNOS albumen and inhibits the biosynthesis of NO. In addition IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and PGE2Reduce NO synthetic function.
The cell factor can also be through regulating influencing the formation of NO synthetically of other cell factors, form a complicated network system.
Third, NO role in liver disease
Ma does not irritate while flowing until ischemic in the liver, finds liver free radical increases. If loud mouse deals with LPS first, although increased NO can be totally removed because of irritating free radicals produced again, but AST raises, can prevent this kind of effect due to LPS with L-NMMA, points out NO and perhaps reacts with the peroxide, participate in the damage course of the liver together[2]. NO toxic effect in the liver mainly shows:
1. NO inhibits mitochondria from breathing the chain. According to think NO that macrophage produce it wounds mechanisms of effect one of to be to inhibit mitochondria from breathing the chain to microorganism and the intersection of tumour and cell, have hindered the formulation of energy. Train HC in the liquid to join other source NO, the compound thing of mitochondrial aconitase and mitochondrial electron transfer chain on reliance of density (complement enzyme and take off hydrogen appears promptly 5 minutes later And complex 2 (amber sour desaturase) Active inhibition, in 6 hours after withdraw from NO, the active full restoration of mitochondrial aconitase. Compound the thing activity to also resume partly. L-NMMA can reverse the inhibition that NO breathed to mitochondria of hepatocyte partially. But NO has not almost influenced the compound thing, compounding things of aconitase and mitochondrial electron transfer chain in the liquid of afterbirth. Indicate the inhibition that NO breathes to mitochondria has an alternative one, and the most sensitive one is mitochondrial aconitase. This may because enzyme to store position in to be different. Aconitase presents and dissolves the state in the liquid of afterbirth, but bind in mitochondria with inner membrane, make and kissing the lipoprotein NO is apter to combine[6].
2. NO inhibits the hepatocyte albumen from formating. Hepatocyte that train act on LPS or some the intersection of cell and factor, can make, train NO in the liquid outside the body-2/NO-3Increase, with the synthetic reducing of total albumen at the same time; Exposed to the albumen that other source NO can also produce density reliance to formate and inhibit. This kind of inhibitory activity can be prevented by L-NMMA, if add L - arginine and reappear again again, indicate NO formates inhibitory activity to the albumen[7]. But Frederick,etc. is while finding big mouse's endotoxic blood disease in the whole experiment, the increase that is formed along with NO is that HC formates the increase of the albumen. This author is regarded as because NO promotes the function of the blood flow of liver to offset NO synthetic direct inhibitory activity to hepatocyte albumen. Also train NO density in the liquid with the internal NO density than external cells low and relevantly. Plasma protein and a kind of reason that the blood coagulation factor drops when NO synthetic inhibition to albumen may be chronic hepatopathy.
3. NO inhibition of other supersession. NO has influence on that hepatocyte glucose is formated. Horton is 3 hours after dealing with the big mouse with LPS, iNOS increases, correlates with synthetic inhibition of hepatocyte glucose that is isolated subsequently in the hepatocyte. Stadler,etc. trains HC and IFN - , IL-1 , TNF - and LPS together, inducible NO formates, the glucose output is reduced by 48.8% at the same time, can totally reverse this effect with L-NMMA. Other source NO can cause the synthetic inhibition of hepatocyte glucose on reliance of the density too[8]. This foundation that blood glucose reduces when being may be hepatopathy or suppuration and poisonous blood disease. Have materials show NO, can stimulate the intersection of liver and production of glucose temporarily also.
NO can inhibit it from formating through inhibiting DNA synthetic enzyme[3],Also can make inferior the intersection of nitre and acyl it through bind with DNA, cause the intersection of DNA and rupture or sudden change, influence his supersession, in addition NO also has influence on the lipoprotein supersession.
The mechanism on the toxic effect of liver of NO has not been totally distinct, NO contains an electron in pairs, act on other electrons in pairs with materials such as the inferior iron ion, sulfhydryl- base,etc., it may be a foundation on its function to make its function damage. In addition NO can also be with O-2The response produces and exceeds and oxidizes the inferior nitric acid anion (ONOO-)And other free radicals cause lipid to cross and oxidize, function enzyme, structural albumen,etc. are destroyed.
Cell exposed to high-level NO, reveal, damage effect continuously, have evidence indicate NO have protective action to the liver also. Billiar,etc. causes little mouse's liver to damage with LPS, NO formates and increases. Although NO synthase inhibitor can reduce the production of NO prominently, the liver is damaged and obviously aggravated. The endotoxic blood disease patient obviously rises with bilirubin of blood and ALT after L-NMMA. Indicate NO in swollen to lie between, lead liver, damage while being dirty, shield, host to essential response that inflammation react[5]. NO is not so obvious to the mechanism on the protective action of liver, someone thinks LPS causes the liver to be damaged and may be lain between and led of reactive oxygen mediumed, NO can react and produce the low toxic material as a kind of antioxidant but and ultra oxygen anion or other free radicals, until microscope observe change that liver a little circulates under the little the intersection of mouse and endotoxic the intersection of blood and disease in the living subject Nishida,etc., find, share the intersection of NO and synthase behind the inhibitor, liver the leucocyte is adhered to 5- 6 times higher than the control group in the sinus, see the sinus diameter shrink at the same time, the sinus blood flow volume of liver is reduced, cover swelling in the sinus, the blood platelet assembles. If circulate a little disorderlily this kind that L - arginine can dispel the liver at the same time, indicate NO can regulate the liver to circulate in endotoxic blood disease a little. The ones that prevent the liver and result from the reason that ischemic or the leucocyte is adhered to are oxidized and damaging[10]. But Stadler thinks under some inflammatory states, the liver function obstacle is because of the inhibition of the cellular metabolism of liver, it is not irritating and flowing the question of liver.
Forming that high motive force circulated when NO still participates in liver cirrhosis. With react, park, inhibit experimental the intersection of door and the intersection of pulse and high-pressure NO of mouse from produce Lopez-Talavera,etc. ,Can improve average arterial pressure and blood vessel resistance of the systemic circulation, reduce the pulse pressure of the door notably[11]. This may be that NO that the cover produces acts on sour ring enzyme of glucoside of bird in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessel in the blood vessel, make cGMP formate and increase, calcium ion is released on the cytoplasm, enable smooth muscle cell relaxation in the skin thick liquid network, angiectasis. And around blood vessel it expands to be the intersection of liver cirrhosis and the intersection of door and the intersection of pulse and high-pressure the intersection of sodium and water retention, ascites form and the intersection of liver and the intersection of kidney and whom syndrome produce start to move the factor.
Fourth, understanding of NO double action
In sum, NO is shown as two kinds of contradictory effects each other in liver disease. Support the training for external cells more of malicious function of NO cell, the influence factor is relatively single, and NO density is much higher than vivo experimentation; NO protective action reveal in the experiment of the integral level or organ level more, the function of other cells factor participation that may be had in succession or followed, the influence factor is relatively complicated. The environment that natural cells live in the body is not also the same. Ma,etc. thinks that expands pharmaceuticals to resist ischemic and shieldingly as the blood vessel in physiological function of NO; Its chemical property is free radical, can form the toxic material. This kind of double action may depend on organizing and physiological environment. When organizing oxygen to be poor, increased NO may mainly play a expanding the blood vessel role, inhibit the leucocyte to adhere to and assemble, organize irritating and flowing and lightening and damaging by increasing; When organizing oxygen to be competent, perhaps NO reacts, has dispelled expanding the function of blood vessel of NO with the peroxide, produce directly toxic materials (ONOO at the same time-). It expands function of blood vessel, because of in different courses of disease or acting on different positions to also show as different effects. When the liver liver is damaged, NO can shield through improving the blood flow of liver, but NO participates in the pathologic course that its high motive force circulates in liver cirrhosis. Billiar,etc. thinks ONOO-While there are not plasma protein and glutathion, can cause the blood platelet to assemble and damage, but under the physiological environment, prevent the blood platelet from assembling. According to thinking NO and O-2Ratio last lipid to last their toxicity's decisive factors to react.
References
1 Geller DA, Freeswick PC, Nguyen D.et al.Differential inductien of nictric oxide synthase in hepatocyte during endotoxemia and the acute-phase response.Arch surg,1994,129:165-171.
2 Ma TT, Ischiropoulos H, Brass CA, Endotoxin-stimulated nitric oxide production increase injury and reduces rat liver chemiluminescence during reperfusion.Castroenterology,1995,103:463-469.
3 Helyar L, Bundschunh DS, Laskin JD, et al.Induction of hepatic Ito cell nitri oxide production after acute endotoxemia.Hepatology,1994,20:1509-1515.
4 Hattori S, Hattori Y, Banba N, et al.Penlamethyle-hydroxychromance, vitamin E derivative, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase by bactrerial lipapolysaccharide.Biochem Mol Biol Int,1995,35:177-183.
5 Harbrecht BG, Silvio MD, Demetris AJ, et al.Tumor necrosis facter - regulates in vivo nitric oxide synthesis and induces liver injury duri ng endotoxemia.Hepatology,1994,20:1055-1060.
6 Stadler J, Billiar TR, Curran RD, et al.Effector of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration of rat hepatocyt es.Am J Physiol,1991,260: C910-916.
7 Nussler AK, Silvio M, Liu ZZ, et al.Futher characterization and comparision of iNOS in mouse,rat and human hepacytes.Hepatology,1995,21:1552-1560.
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